Posts tagged "health"

Mobile Phone Control U.Bo Robot Using Bluetooth Communications

https://sites.google.com/site/ubomagicland/

U.Bo is an alien pet robot that comes from the distant nebulae. The cute alien pet spore, U.Bo lives in the U.Bo spacecraft. It comes to earth to look for the energy of “love” to save U.Bo planet through distant time travel.

A healthy U.Bo has six legs; the cute thing in your hand is the spacecraft that U.Bo lives in. A U.Bo spore grows in the U.Bo spacecraft; you can treat U.Bo like a pet. When you touch it, it will be happy, when you hit it, it will be upset and sad. If you shake it, it will also feel uncomfortable.
U.Bo can walk forward and back, turn left and right, make sound, and make funny faces. It is an alien life that looks for the energy of love. You need to treat it nicely, and accompany it to grow. When it’s hungry, you need to feed it quickly with U.Bo cookies. U.Bo is often hungry, and it will call its owner to feed it. You can feed U.Bo here too, it eats special cookies. Feeding is a necessary condition to raise a healthy, outgoing and cute U.Bo. After eating, U.Bo will be happier and more outgoing. When it finishes eating, it will poop, pee, and burp. If you ignore it and do not feed it, it will become a lonely U.Bo without energy. Therefore, the way you take care of it will transfer the energy of love to it. This will decide whether U.Bo will be healthy or not. Therefore, please treat your U.Bo nicely.
The artificial intelligence engine of U.Bo can have interesting interaction with you. When you constantly feed it, it will gradually grow up. After they grow up, they will have different personalities, and different expressions and interactions. Its personality will differ according to the way it’s treated.

When two U.Bos meet, after absorbing the energy of love from the owner, U.Bos will call each other. The two U.Bos with the energy of happiness will sing, dance and kiss happily.

The meaning of U.Bo

The meaning of U.Bo, “U” refers to You, which means “Designed for you.” “Bo” refers to Ball, which means a round and mellow feeling. Its appearance is like a teardrop, wrapped an emotional display and a cute colorful tail.

The Survival Energy of U.Bo

The survival of U.Bo relies on two kinds of energy, one is U.Bo spacecraft “power”, the other one is the “energy of love”. Power is the necessary condition to keep the U.Bo spacecraft operating. Once the U.Bo power is out, the entire U.Bo spacecraft will lose system operation, and create instability. At this time, you need to replace the energy system behind the U.Bo bum (battery cover), after replacing new batteries, U.Bo will continue to operate. U.Bo will also revive again.

In order to allow the power system of the U.Bo spacecraft to be more stable, it is recommended to use long-acting high capacity Ni-MH batteries, so the system can be used longer and save more power, or use alkaline batteries. It is not recommended to use regular batteries.

Duration : 0:1:51

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Inventors Given Hope on Patents for Business Methods

This is the VOA Special English Economics Report, from http://voaspecialenglish.com | http://facebook.com

/voalearningenglishRecently, the United States Supreme Court decided a case on the property rights of inventors. The question was whether a business method is enough of an invention to receive a patent. Patents are a form of intellectual property. They give legal protections to individuals and companies against the copying of their inventions. Bernard Bilski and Rand Warsaw wanted to patent a method to let traders protect against the risk of price changes in energy markets. The United States Patent and Trademark Office said no. So the inventors went to court. Again they were told no. Finally, the case went all the way to the Supreme Court. In June, all nine justices said no. But they only said no to a patent in this case. Patent lawyer Meredith Martin Addy in Chicago explains that the court ruled narrowly.She said: “The Supreme Court held that there is no categorical rule denying patent protection for business method patents.”When patent laws were first developed, most patents were for machines. But since the late nineteen nineties, inventors of business methods and processes have increasingly sought patent protection. Bernard Bilski and Rand Warsaw brought a lawsuit against the Patent and Trademark Office. Technology companies, especially software makers, watched the case closely. They were concerned that the Supreme Court would require a test of some kind that could limit what can be patented.In its ruling, the court decided against the patent only because the idea was too abstract. Law professor Michael Meurer of Boston University gives a famous example from physics. It involves the relationship of energy, mass and the speed of light, written as the letter c. He said: “The Supreme Court has said, for example, if Albert Einstein determined that E = mc squared — which he did — he never would have been able to get a patent on that. That’s too abstract.” In the Bilski case, the court said patent examiners could consider what is known as the machine-or-transformation test. This is the idea that a patent should be given to a machine or something that creates a material change, like a chemical process. But a majority of justices said patent examiners must also protect innovation. Patent lawyer Meredith Martin Addy says no one wants to suppress creativity. Now, more cases will be needed to define the legal limits of business method patents. Such patents already exist. In March, for example, after re-examination, Amazon.com received a patent for its one-click ordering process. And that’s the VOA Special English Economics Report.

(Adapted from a radio program broadcast 16Jul2010)

Duration : 0:4:1

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The Importance of Intuition and Trust in Personal and Business Success

I recently had to make a decision on a business deal. Looking purely at the numbers my decision should have been straightforward. Yet I hesitated. You see my intuition or my gut feeling was not in agreement with the outwardly, more logical decision that analysis of the numbers was leading me to.

Offer A was more lucrative but I felt that the person making it would change their mind at a moment’s notice leaving me high and dry. I had more trust and respect for the person making Offer B. I felt that they would behave in a more trustworthy manner and that it would be a pleasure doing business with them. Through a mix-up in communications, although I didn’t know it at the time, while I was considering these two offers, the person making Offer A had already rescinded their offer. My intuition had been proved right. Fortunately, it was early enough in the deal that no irreparable damage had been done.

Intuition is often viewed more as a feminine trait but men use their intuition as well. Best-selling author, Marc Allen, reflecting on one of his mistakes regarding a business deal that went sour, said in a recent teleseminar,

“My first gut impression when I looked in his eyes was “Don’t trust this guy”. That was my initial intuitive impression and ever since then I’ve never denied that intuitive impression. I always wanted to meet people face-to-face. Just look in their eyes and you get a lot of intuitive information.”

Allen’s intuition was proved right when the company that this guy was brought in to manage went belly-up.

Some people underestimate the power of their intuition but it is not just a whim. Intuitive thought or a hunch is often the result of, among other things, our senses taking in and analysing a mass of data and helping us to formulate an opinion on the subject and assess a situation in a uniquely insightful way manner.

So as Dr Joyce Brothers said,

“Trust your hunches. They’re usually based on facts filed away just below the conscious level.”
Dr. Joyce Brothers

However, like most things intuition is a skill that must be honed so here are five ways to improve your powers of intuition:

i. Accept that intuition exists and is a gift that can help you to reach your goals faster;
ii. Discover what fears you have that prevent you from using your intuition fully;
iii. Follow you intuition – when you hear that quiet voice, when you have inspired thought, act on it;
iv. Practice extreme self-care – take care of mind, body and spirit by exercising regularly, eating healthily, drinking plenty of fresh water and getting adequate rest this will make you more receptive to intuitive thoughts; and
v. Keep a journal – you may be able to see patterns that emerge when you have intuitive thought.

Intuition and trust go hand in hand. You cannot exercise your intuition without also using trust and when you trust you often have to rely on your instinct or intuition. There are many situations that don’t allow the time for other mechanisms for building trust to come into effect. Sometimes we have to make a snap decision relating to matters that can involve large sums or money or even our well being.

Legendary stock market investor, Warren Buffett and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway, provides a great example of the value of trust in business success. Company mergers can be complex and drawn out affairs involving an army of lawyers, accountants and the like. It can sometimes take up to a year to finalise details. However, a few years ago Berkshire Hathaway bought McLane Distribution Company from Wal-Mart and following a 2-hour meeting managed to finalise the acquisition in just under a month. We’re not talking about trifling sums here either; this was a $23 billion transaction.

Warren Buffett did no due diligence. Both companies were public and therefore their records could be scrutinised by the public. Warren Buffett said, “I trusted Wal-Mart, I trusted the people I worked with. I knew everything would be in exactly the order that they said it would be, and it was.” He said, “We did no due diligence.”

Can you see the advantages of being able to operate under such an umbrella of complete trust? As Indira Gandhi said,

“You can’t shake hands with a clenched fist.”

A word of caution – this deal may have been lightning fast but this relationship was gradually built up over time. Yet building trust is something we are all capable of and need to develop if we are to be successful in building any sort of relationships whether personal or business.

Here are five simple ways you can create trust in your relationships:

i. Be open, transparent and scrupulously honest in your business dealings;
ii. Stick to your word – be known as someone who is completely reliable;
iii. Under-promise and over deliver – people love to receive unexpected bonuses;
iv. Refrain from gossiping about your colleagues or business partners, it is unprofessional and can seriously backfire; and
v. Take responsibility for your actions especially when things go wrong – similarly give credit where credit is due.

Trust and intuition are inexorably linked. To be able to tap into your intuition you have to learn how to trust yourself and as Cardinal de Retz said:

“A man who doesn’t trust himself can never really trust anyone else.”

Nickolove Lovemore
http://www.articlesbase.com/self-help-articles/the-importance-of-intuition-and-trust-in-personal-and-business-success-110050.html

Speed = long day GRAPHIC WARNING {Eskimo Sean}

WARNING! If you are a truckers spouse, you may not want to watch. Some clips may disturb spouses, and make them worry more than they normaly do.

Thank you to all trucker spouses, especaily my wife Kelly.

Drivers, we need to learn to slow down! winter is here and kicking our asses. these may have not happened if the drivers learned to slow down. The load isn’t worth the risk. Please, for your sake and mine, back off the hammer

Duration : 0:6:11

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A Survey on Intrusion Detection Systems in Manets

A survey on Intrusion Detection Systems in MANETs

 Shahid Shehzad Bajwa

 Pakistan Air Force-Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology

 shahidshehzad_321@hotmail.com

Abstract

 Ensuring security in Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) is very crucial. In recent years a surge of research and expansion for Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) has demonstrated its great potential for establishing communication over a large number of application scenarios.  Adhoc Network security is different from traditional network security. In this paper we have surveyed the use of Intrusion Detection System in the Adhoc Networks and analyzed their fruitfulness.

Introduction
An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a defense system, which detects malicious activities in a network. One feature of intrusion detection systems is their ability to detect or provide a view of malicious activities and issues by notifying or block a assumed connection. IDS tools are capable of distinguishing between attacks coming from own employees or customers and attacks posed by hackers. An intrusion Detection Systems has its core element a sensor (an analysis engine) that is responsible for detecting intrusions. It has decision making mechanisms is called sensor that receive raw data from knowledge base, system log and audit trail sources. The role of sensor is to filter information and discard any irrelevant data obtained from the event set associated with the protected system. Intrusion detection systems can be arranged as centralized or distributed. A distributed IDS consists of multiple Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) over a large network, which communicate with each other. This survey report discusses the security issues at cluster based security management. In node level security management each node is responsible for securing itself. MANET routing protocols can be divided into proactive and imprudent categories. Both proactive and reactive protocols can suffer from control packet floods caused by malicious nodes.

 What is MANET and how MANETs are different from other networks?

Mobile Ah-hoc Networks (MANETs) are networks that are made of mobile and power controlled nodes infrastructure less self organizing, all the nodes share the same functions with respect to the network operation, (i.e. there is no node that is in charge for authentication or security services). It is vulnerable to security attacks due to its features of open medium, dynamic changing topology, cooperative algorithms, lack of centralized monitoring, management point, and lack of a clear line of defense. 

Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) is slightly more delicate. It exploits the nodes redundancy of nodes and the self-organizing network prototype to overcome some problems that are inherent to wireless networks (tradeoff between distance and transfer rates) or to networks in general (congestion, configuration and installation costs). Applying the above definition of WMN, you may find that both MANETs and WMN are “self-organizing”, but you could also argue that MANETs can be seen as a subset of WMN. The most interesting application of WMN, tough is probably the use of wireless nodes (either mobile or fixed) to convey traffic from mobile users that have a wireless device to the wired internet. 

 A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively scrutinize physical or environmental circumstances, such as high temperature, echo, shuddering, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations.  They were originally motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. However, wireless sensor networks are now used in many civilian application areas, including environment and locale monitoring, healthcare applications, home computerization, and traffic management.

 MANETs Security Approaches

 There are mainly two approaches to securing a MANET: proactive and reactive. The proactive approach attempts to prevent security threats in the first place, typically through various cryptographic techniques. The reactive approach seeks to detect threats a posteriori and react accordingly. Both approaches have own merits and is suitable for addressing different issues in MANET. For example, most secure routing protocols adopt the proactive approach in order to secure routing messages exchanged between mobile nodes, while the reactive approach is widely used to protect packet forwarding operations. Due to the absence of a clear line of defense, a complete security solution for MANETs should integrate both proactive and reactive approaches, and encompass all three components: prevention, detection, and reaction. The prevention component deters the attacker by significantly increasing the difficulty of penetrating the system. Ad hoc wireless internet extends the service of the internet to the end users over an ad hoc wireless network; some of the applications of the ad hoc internet ate wireless mesh networks. 

In Sensor networks security manage by a centralized control called base stations. A base station is typically a gateway to another network, a powerful data processing or storage center, or an access point for human interface. They can be used as a nexus to disseminate control information into the network or extract data from it. The sensor nodes establish a routing forest, with a base station at the root of every tree. Base stations are many orders of magnitude more powerful than sensor nodes. Typically, base stations have enough battery power to surpass the lifetime of all sensor nodes, sufficient memory to store cryptographic keys, stronger processors, and means for communicating with outside networks. 

No matter how carefully the prevention mechanisms are designed a completely intrusion-free system is infeasible. In MANETs, detecting and reacting components that discover the irregular intrusions and take reactions to avoid persistent adverse effects are indispensable for the security solutions are called Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). They explore issues associated with deviations from normal system or user behavior which are concerned with the detection of hostile actions. 

Classification of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)

 To classify the intrusion detection systems there is a family of tools that use information derived from a single host based IDS (HIDS) and those IDSs that exploit information obtained from a whole segment of a local network  (network based IDS). The HIDS reside on a particular computer and provide protection for a specific system. They are not only equipped with system monitoring facilities but also include other modules of a typical IDS. Two primary types of HIDS can be distinguished: 

a.    Real Secure Agent, and Port Sentry System monitors incoming connection attempts. These examine host-based incoming and outgoing network connections. These are particularly related to the unauthorized connection attempts to TCP or UDP ports and can also detect incoming port scans.

b.    Systems which examine network traffic (packets) that attempts to access the host. These systems protect the host by intercepting suspicious packets and looking for aberrant payloads. 

c.    Login Activity Monitoring Systems monitors the networking layer of their protected host (Host Sentry). Their role is to monitor log-in and log-out attempts, looking for unusual activity on a system occurring at unexpected times, particular network locations or detecting multiple login attempts. The network-based type of IDS (NIDS) produces data about local network usage. The NIDS reassemble and analyze all network packets that reach the network interface card operating in promiscuous mode.

 Role of Intrusion Detection Systems in MANET Security

 In Mobile ad hoc network security attacks on routing information [1], exhausting nodes resources, maliciously manipulating data traffic is caused by lack of network infrastructure. AIS (Artificial Immune System) architecture protects and reacts against known and unknown dys-functions and attacks in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network. It is designed as two systems, primary IDS and secondary IDS. These components communicate across the network. The primary IDS are centralized and responsible the packager component was originally missing from selection. In order to adapt to new attacks, a process through which components of successful detectors are recombined using the evolutionary process to make new detectors. The secondary IDS are distributed and are responsible for data gathering, data reduction, detection, and response. It also forwards successful detections to the primary IDS. The architecture of AISANIDS contains two major components.  The secondary IDS consist of four components, the sensors, the packager, the detector, and the response. The primary IDS consist of only an analysis component. The sensors collect audit information and convert it to a common event format. The packager performs data reduction by grouping the events into sessions. The analysis component uses these sessions to create detectors. The detector component matches current sessions to its detectors. Finally, the response component automatically responds to attacks. Ideally, once the secondary IDS had a set of detectors, it could continue to function even if the primary IDS failed. Further recommend combining both detection methods to maximize the effectiveness of IDS. 

Real time intrusion in service oriented and user centric intrusion detection system [2] decreases ubiquitous computing for the user short term and long term behavior. SUIDS (Service-oriented and User-centric Intrusion Detection System) with Chi-Square Statistic Test increases ubiquitous computing for the user short term and long term behavior. In this way, the observation reflects the ‘most recent past’ characteristics of variables in an online fashion. Along with a chi-square statistic test, SUIDS (Service-oriented and User-centric Intrusion Detection System) can measure not only the mean and variance of variables, but also their probability attributions and occurrence patterns. It handles the heterogeneity issue of pervasive network by classifying network nodes into three major categories (head nodes, service nodes, and user nodes) and integrating intrusion detection with service specific knowledge. Security-related factors and subtle scenarios will be considered and tested regarding the system detection effectiveness. A resource-efficient detection algorithm will be investigated to further improve the performance of SUIDS. 

Poor connectivity and limited bandwidth makes network vulnerable to security attacks at node level communication in mobile ad hoc networks.  Mobile Agent Based Intrusion Detection System (MABIDS) [3] runs on each node intrusion detection  system  locally  and  equally  cooperates  with other intrusion detection systems  running  on  other nodes.  It derived from a MANET requirement analysis. The  mobility  and  autonomy  associated with  MAs  to  provide  an  efficient  and  flexible  solution  to  poor  connectivity  and  limited  bandwidth  in  MANET  context. In architecture of intrusion  detection  is  based  on  collection  and analysis  of  system  and  network  audit  data.  Upon detection, intrusions report to security management. Architecture  of  MABIDS contains the System  Administrator (SA) is in charge of harmonizing all the  activities among the modules,  such  as  Sensor   management (SM), Event Manager  (EM),  Response  Agent (RA), IDS Agents Framework, and PMADE. The sensor management is composed of Data classifier and Data formatting.  Data  classifier  collects  raw  data  from  system  audit  and  local  route.  The data that comes out of the Data classifier divided into three groups:  system-level data, user-level data and packet- level data.  Data  formatting  processes  the  group-data  with  the  data  formats  rules  of  local  IDS  and  outputs  event  data. Communication overhead can more reduce by dividing load into the IDS cluster nodes. 

Lack of central authority in self organized mobile ad hoc network increases security threats.  Self-organizing mechanism [4] manages security on node-level decreases security threats from mobile ad hoc networks attackers.  It based on the assumptions where individual nodes are themselves responsible for their own security level. Self-organized mobile ad hoc network a node that is responsible for its own security should carry out. The management of security becomes easier if suitable metrics can be developed to offer evidence of the security level or performance of the network. Intrusion detection and prevention (IDS/IPS) techniques can be applied for this purpose. A security monitoring system continuously estimating the actual security level can be attached to the individual nodes of a self-organized mobile ad hoc network. Exploring component metric area and identify dependencies between them.

Due to lack of network central infrastructure and central authority for authentication malicious node attacks for authentication and authorization. It protects and reacts against known and unknown dys-functions or attacks in a mobile ad hoc networks [5]. It was designed as two systems, primary IDS and secondary IDS. These components communicate across the network. The primary IDS is centralized the packager components was originally missing from selection. The secondary IDS is responsible for data gathering, data reduction, detection and response. It also forward successful detection to primary IDS.  The immune based system may miss some obvious attacks and raise alters when exposed to rare but permissible activities. 

Security attacks to gain unauthorized accesses and misuse of critical data are catastrophic for Mobile ad hoc networks. Hybrid intrusion detection and visualization method [6] secure the network from attackers to gain unauthorized accesses and misuse of critical data. Intelligent hybrid intrusion detection and visualization system introduces a two-stage intrusion detection technique. Host system calls are monitored as audit data source. Current research is conducted on a standalone host only. The first stage is the misuse detection stage that employs the signature-based detection method. A database of known detection behaviors has been developed and updated over the time. The system compares system audit data with intrusion behavior database in real time. If any intrusion is detected, the autonomous agents will start to intervene and take precautions according to the event handling mechanisms. After the signature detection stage, a graph of system call information should be generated. The second stage is the anomaly detection stage. This stage can overcome the shortcoming of the first stage and is able to detect novel attacks. It can provide additional detection such as misuse of confidential data by internal users. An anomaly-based IDS achieves this by identifying program behaviors that deviate from the known normal behavior. It monitors a program by observing event traces and comparing those traces to some expected behavior. Visualization system needs to give security officers an intuitive representation of such information as normal range of system calls. 

Due to limitations of detecting misuse and anomaly attacks in MANET makes network vulnerable from attackers. Hybrid system combines the misuse detection and anomaly detection components for applying random forests algorithm in MANET [7]. In proposed technique there are two different methods for intrusion detection misuse detection and anomaly detection. In misuse detection determines intrusions by patterns or signatures which can represent attacks. Misuse based systems can detect known attacks like virus detection systems, but they cannot detect unknown attacks. Misuse detection usually has higher detection rate and lower false positive rate than anomaly detection.  Anomaly detection technique identifies the observed activities that deviate significantly from the normal usage as intrusions.  Anomaly detection can detect unknown intrusions, which cannot be addressed by misuse detection. Finally the proposed algorithm achieves high detection rate with low false positive rate, and can detect novel intrusions. However, some intrusions that are very similar with each other cannot be detected by the anomaly detection. Due to the limitations of proposed algorithm another clustering algorithm could be investigated in the future. 

Wormhole attacks break security boundaries for detecting information in wireless ad hoc networks. A model novel end-to-end wormhole Detection system [8] detects intrusion attacks on wireless ad-hoc networks because of its features of lack of centralized administration, limited resources, dynamically changed network topology, and wireless communication. Message bombing, black-hole attack, and wormhole attack, rushing attack are from major attacks in wireless ad hoc networks. Among wireless ad hoc network intrusion detection techniques have been studied. They can be classified into three categories: signature based intrusion detection , anomaly based intrusion detection, and specification based intrusion detection. Proposed method, called end method, in detecting wormhole attack. A wormhole is a dedicated connection between two endpoints which are normally multi-hops away. The adversary either connects the two endpoints by a wired link or installs two radio transceivers at the two locations. Then the attacker sends and re-transmits every packet received at one end of the wormhole at the other end. In this way, the wormhole disrupts the network routing by generating shorter routes in the network.  Further improvements on same work are ongoing. 

Security attacks based on the model learned only from normal network behaviors without the requirements of pre-labeled attack data generates congestion in Mobile ad hoc networks. An agent-based cooperative anomaly detection scheme [9] prevent from security attacks based on the model learned only from normal network behaviors without the requirements of pre-labeled attack data.  The anomaly detection is performed in a cooperative way involving the participation of multiple mobile nodes. Unlike traditional signature-based misuse detection approaches, the proposed scheme detects various types of intrusions/attacks based on the model learned only from normal network behaviors. Without the requirements of pre-labeled attack data, the approach eliminates the time-consuming labeling process and the impacts of imbalanced dataset. The proposed agent-based cooperative anomaly detection approach builds on cluster-type architecture. It is energy efficient by implementing the function of intrusion detection in a cooperative fashion for each cluster. 

Malicious intruders infiltrating poison the collaborative detectors with false alarms, disrupting the intrusion detection functionality and placing the whole system at risk increases security attacks on mobile ad hoc networks. A P2P-based overlay detection method [10] detects malicious intruders infiltrating poison the collaborative detectors with false alarms, disrupting the intrusion detection functionality and placing the whole system at risk increases security attacks on mobile ad hoc networks. The traditional intrusion detection systems (IDS) are limited and inferior in comparison to the attackers’ capabilities. Typically, traditional IDSs work in isolation, only seeing relatively small subsections of the Internet, and thus they are unable of deriving significant trends in the whole network. This is especially true for new and emerging attacks, where being able to observe a large amount of deviant behavior would increase the detection and protection capabilities. Efficiency and scalability are some of the critical issues that like to address in our future work. Needs plan to adopt efficient communication models and experiment with different message filtering and peer grouping strategies. 

Security attacks on certification services to gain authentication causes the congestion in MNET. Secure and effective distributed certification service method using the Secret Sharing scheme and the Threshold Digital Signature scheme [11] secures certification services in the MANET. It is an effective authentication scheme to solve the problem that the whole network security would be damaged by the intrusion of one node and to reduce the risk of the exposure of the private keys. Using cryptographic schemes, such as digital signatures to protect routing information and data traffic, usually requires a key management service. A common way for doing this is adopting a public key infrastructure, which in turn requires a trusted entity, Certification Authority (CA), to the network of key management. Establishing a key management service with a single CA is problematic in MANET. If this single CA is unavailable, nodes cannot receive the current public keys of the other nodes, which mean it cannot establish a secure connection. Furthermore, if the CA is compromised and leaks its private key to an adversary, the adversary can then sign any erroneous certificate using this private key to impersonate any node or revoke any certificate. Certification scheme is based on Polynomial secret sharing and Threshold digital signature. Each mobile node forming MANET has its own identifier such as the MAC address. For further improvement the delay time related to renewing the certificate must be reduced. 

Security attacks decreases highly available communication processes during detecting faults and intrusion in mobile ad hoc networks. LITON (Lightweight Intrusion-Tolerant Overlay Network) architecture [12] aims at providing highly available communication in spite of faults and intrusions in the mobile ad hoc network. It is the first overlay network that is able to tolerate intrusions that shows how routing schemes originally developed for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) can be used in overlay networks, and introducing a smart route caching strategy that allows for quick recovery when faults are detected. In LITON Lightweight Intrusion-Tolerant Overlay Network every overlay node is an Internet host residing in an autonomous system (AS). Autonomous systems may be connected via public or private (not globally advertised) links. Overlay node placement is arbitrary; however, since LITON is explicitly designed to overcome limitations of Internet inter-domain routing, spreading nodes across different ASs may significantly improve network availability. 

Conclusion 

No doubt that the IDS are here to stay, although future systems will undoubtedly take a different form than our modern day versions. The mathematical and AI (artificial intelligence) concepts required for success are already being developed, tested and improved upon. In this survey paper we have discussed various Intrusion-Detection-Systems for mobile ad hoc networks based on different protocols to detect the intruders and resolve the security attacks. Many intrusion detection systems are under implementation processes and it is also possible that IDS will merge the independent network components and tools which exist today, into a complete and cooperative system, committed to keeping networks stable.

Future Work

 Black hole attacks will be investigated and new model for grouped Black hole attacks will be proposed soon. Black hole attacks gain the information from non-updated routing tables and represent them self as shortest path. After receiving data packets they drop it.

References

 [1]. A. Karygiannis, E. Antonakakis, A. Apostolopoulos, “Detecting Critical Nodes for MANET Intrusion Detection Systems,” Second International Workshop on Security, Privacy and Trust in Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (SecPerU’06), pp. 7-15, June 2006. 

 [2]. Bo Zhou, Qi Shi, Madjid Merabti, “Intrusion Detection in Pervasive Networks Based on a Chi-Square Statistic Test,” 30th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC’06), pp. 203-208, September 2006. 

[3]. Upinder Kaur, R.B. Patel, “Intrusion Detection in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks: A Mobile Agent Approach,” 9th International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT’06, pp. 77-80, December 2006. 

[4]. Reijo Savola, Ilkka Uusitalo, “Towards Node-Level Security Management in Self-Organizing Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” Advanced International Conference on Telecommunications and International Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services (AICT-ICIW’06), pp. 36, February 2006. 

[5]. Hongxia Xie, Zhengyun Hui, “An Intrusion Detection Architecture for Ad Hoc Network Based on Artificial Immune System,” Seventh International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications and Technologies (PDCAT’06), pp. 1-4, December 2006. 

[6]. Jiong Zhang, Mohammad Zulkernine, “ A Hybrid Network Intrusion Detection Technique Using Random Forests,” First International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES’06), pp. 262-269, April 2006. 

[7] Jiong Zhang and Mohammad Zulkernine “A Hybrid Network Intrusion Detection Technique Using Random Forests,” Approach,” International Conference on Information Technology December 2006. 

[8]. Xia Wang, “Intrusion Detection Techniques in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks,” 30th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference, pp. 347-349 (COMPSAC’06), September 2006.

[9]. Hongmei Deng, Roger Xu, Jason Li, Frank Zhang, Renato Levy, Wenke Lee, “ Agent-Based Cooperative Anomaly Detection for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks,” 12th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems – Volume 1 (ICPADS’06),  pp. 613-620, July 2006.

[10]. Claudiu Duma, Martin Karresand, Nahid Shahmehri, Germano Caronni, “A Trust-Aware, P2P-Based Overlay for Intrusion Detection, “17th International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA’06),   pp. 692-697, September 2006. 

[11]. Kiho Shin, Yoonho Kim, Yanggon Kim, “ An Effective Authentication Scheme in Mobile Ad Hoc Network,” Seventh ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking, and Parallel/Distributed Computing (SNPD’06),  pp. 249-252, June 2006. 

[12]. Rafael R. Obelheiro, Joni da Silva Fraga, “A Lightweight Intrusion-Tolerant Overlay Network,” Ninth IEEE International Symposium on Object and Component-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC’06), pp. 496-503, April 2006.

Shahid Shehzad
http://www.articlesbase.com/security-articles/a-survey-on-intrusion-detection-systems-in-manets-727917.html

Expand your Business Horizons With Pattern Recognition

If you want to see new opportunities for your business and increase your decision-making speed and accuracy, begin by looking outside your own business even outside your industry at trends and patterns that you can apply to your own organization. Ask yourself, How do others do what they do? The fact is that you can learn from observing others companies’ patterns of how to change, and in turn solve problems, make decisions, and grow your business faster than ever before.

A failure to recognize an impending problematic pattern can be just as devastating to a Mom & Pop business as it is to a hospital or NASA or to a CEO career. Enron had a pattern of corporate corruption and failure of personal responsibility. MCI had a pattern of bad investment and then later fraud to cover those bad investments. All of these things were patterns which we can look back on in retrospect, as the books are open for everybody, and from outside industries we can say, It was obvious this was happening. And yet the people inside the industry, the experts, were looking at the same patterns and could not see them. They lacked perspective from the outside, just as we, in our own industries, can fail to have the perspective on ourselves that others may have of us.

So how can you improve your pattern recognition skills to enhance your business? Consider the following:

Look beyond your own niche.

You must be able to pull back your blinders to recognize those patterns that tell you something has changed or is about to change. Within your own company, you may have great pattern recognition and the ability to anticipate what is going to come next, but if you cannot see outside your companys bubble, you may be left in the same situation that IBM was in 1978. They only looked at their own company patterns and did not see the coming of the personal computer. Over at Apple, though, Steve Jobs identified patterns beyond the horizon, hired Bill Gates, and started a new company and a revolution.

If other industries ultimately serve a similar purpose to yours, then even if they seem radically different than yours, their operating patterns may still be applicable. For example, health care has in recent years begun adopting the safety models used in the airline industry. Like doctors and nurses, pilots and air traffic controllers are among the few in their industry who have ultimate responsibility for a large number of lives. Many more support people are responsible for making certain that the pilots are able to do their jobs safely and effectively: the mechanics, the flight attendants, and the gate agents.

When the medical industry identified that it had a problem with safety (too many unfortunate situations were overlapping and people were dying as a result), they looked outside their own industry, to those where the stakes are very high and where a single error, if not caught, could result in not one death but 500. They learned that in the airline industry, everyone-from the lowliest mechanic or carpet sweeper, all the way up to the captain has the authority to say, Stop that plane! if they have reason to believe a safety issue has arisen. Importing this and other patterns gleaned from the airline industry will be a long process for the medical industry but one that will ultimately lead to greater safety and efficiency.

Trust patterns, not data.

If you have been wearing blinders for awhile, you may find it difficult to trust your instincts, even when you have identified patterns within your own business and beyond. Your natural tendency will be to look for data that will back up the pattern you are seeing. If you do this, though, and the data does not support the trend, that does not mean you were wrong in your initial identification of the pattern. Data simply can not predict the future, it can not tell you where your business is headed, only reinforce what you already know about your business’ past. Data can tell you that profits are down or have leveled off, but only pattern recognition can give you a new perspective on your business and help you decide what to do to reverse trends and solve problems.

Use your eyes, then analyze.

Albert Einstein said that the ultimate insanity is to continue to do what you are doing and expect a different result. Perhaps you have identified a pattern that you want to adopt, but you do not want to make significant changes just to make changes, nor do you want to take action with only guesswork to back you up.

First, you must have the ability to recognize what is wrong. When you look at your business financial picture, for example, what do you see? If it is not what you expect, what do you do? Supplement this analysis with the extra patterns you have added to your repertoire in your exploration of other businesses and industries. The perspective you gain from having these extra patterns to reference will give you a twofold gain: 1) With enough patterns, you will be able to see that the financial picture is not right, and 2) you will have a sense of what changes you can implement to make the situation better by borrowing patterns from other industries and adapting them to your situation.

Mimic, then make them your own.

When NASA experienced the space shuttle accidents, the first thing executives did was to look back at where patterns failed. They discovered that a culture of silence had evolved at NASA. So they went outside of their industry and got experts in communications and team building to teach them new patterns that enabled them not just to team build, but also to teach them new patterns they could mimic. The experts enabled NASA to learn what the pattern looks like when a team is beginning to fail and to emulate new, more effective problem-solving patterns. Now they can recognize when the teams begin to fail and communication lines are crossed so the opportunity for absolute disaster is less likely to occur.

When you are making an adopted pattern your own, do not make a deliberate effort to change it around or adapt it to your business. You will find that if you fully internalize a pattern, as it becomes a part of your behavior and thought process, then your brain will automatically take any aspects of the pattern that are not particularly useful to you and set them aside, so that the pattern, though adopted from elsewhere, works for you. At that point, the pattern truly becomes yours; you have broadened your perspective and added additional facets or directions from which you can see still new vantage points.

Rajinder Dogra
http://www.articlesbase.com/travel-articles/expand-your-business-horizons-with-pattern-recognition-58631.html

If You Have Any Ipod/iphone Device, This Software is a ‘must Have’ Utility to Keep Your Ipod/iphone Safe

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Robert88
http://www.articlesbase.com/software-articles/if-you-have-any-ipodiphone-device-this-software-is-a-must-have-utility-to-keep-your-ipodiphone-safe-714929.html

Wireless Technologies for People with Disabilities

Produced by The Neil Squire Society and Funded by the Disabilities Health Research Network

This video highlights some of the research currently being done to make wireless technologies more accessible. A number of assistive technologies have been developed over the past years for persons with significant physical disabilities to help them with their activities of daily living. Stand-alone devices, as well as solutions that make use of commercially available technologies such as personal computers have given people more control over their home environments.

When people are away from their homes, however, there are fewer options. Researchers are now looking at harnessing the capabilities of wireless devices to serve persons with disabilities when they are out and about. The research includes developing methods of making mobile phones more accessible. This includes examining the many wireless features and services available to mobile users and determining which of those can best serve persons with disabilities. In addition, the accessibility of new services as they become available needs to be addressed.

Duration : 0:4:51

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How Organizations Can Meet Critical Business Goals

Workforce communications are no longer a “nice to have.” they are a critical component of attracting, retaining and engaging the Workforce. in fact, a recent study by Watson Wyatt1 shoWed that effective employee communications can increase shareholder value by as much as 47 percent. That’s Why more and more employers are leveraging a variety of innovative communications technologies to achieve their communication goals.
Information-focused workers benefit most from communications that are available on demand via the internet, collaborative, personalized, searchable and in context to their daily work/life tasks and events. Effective, technology-driven communications can help organizations brand themselves as innovative employers of choice; engage employees from “day zero” with a personalized onboarding experience; create a dynamic employee portal; allow information and work culture to be shared across locations and functional areas and help employees become more informed consumers of benefits and other hr services.
This article examines a variety of on-demand workforce communication technologies, including portals, on-demand knowledgebase and decision support applications, on-demand total rewards statements and onboarding technologies.

The Workforce is Ready for Technology as a Means of Communicating and Managing Events
Most technology-based communications are delivered to the workforce via an employee portal. but the first thing hr executives might ask when considering this topic is, “if we build it, will they come?” and the answer is yes! today’s workers leverage internet technologies every day – they go online to shop for cars, pay their bills, model mortgage loan rates, make travel arrangements and much more. it makes sense that they want the same capabilities to access work information and manage their day-to-day work and life events.

The Problem with Employee Portals
Portals have a wide range of definitions – from an enterprise-level portal with an hr component to an employee/hr intranet (available only at work) or extranet (available from work or home). for the purpose of this article, we’ll describe portals as “a single site where members of the workforce can access – on demand – the information, decision support tools and transactions they need to manage their work and life events.”
An employee portal is not a new concept. in fact, in companies with more than 500 employees, portals have become mainstream – 75 percent now have a portal or plan to implement one in the next 18 months. but in too many cases, portals have not met employers’ expectations – they built them, but the members of the workforce didn’t come. the reasons most frequently cited are:
1. The portal contains mostly self-service transactions, such as an employee self-service solution or a benefits enrollment application, but does not have the related information or decision support tools the employee needs to complete the transaction.
2. If there are communications on the site – handbooks or benefits information, for example – they are generic, often-out-of-date, static and not easily searchable for relevant information.
3) To create a more usable, effective and dynamic employee portal, many employers are turning to on-demand knowledgebase and decision support applications.

On-Demand Knowledgebases
An on-demand knowledgebase is an application that holds all of an employer’s policies, benefits information and much more in a delivery mode that provides to an employee only the personalized information that is relevant to him or her – based on position and/or location. these applications are usually hosted, so even if a portal is available only at work, an employee can still access the knowledgebase at home via the web.
Most important, they are searchable – making it easy for employees to find what they need – when they need it. for example, combining the features of on-demand, personalized and searchable, let’s take an example of an employee who is expecting a baby and searches the knowledgebase on “maternity coverage.”.
This search would link to a page that showed the employee maternity coverage for his or her specific health plan – allowing the employee to get the info needed – “just in time” – without having to call third parties such as hr or a provider. additionally, some knowledgebases have life event checklists that can help walk employees through the things they need to do – such as apply for maternity leave – and link to all relevant forms and personalized company policies.
If the knowledgebase is offered in a software-as-a-service (saas)model, then the vendor will even maintain the information for the employer. While many smaller companies deploy knowledgebases as their portal, most mid- and larger-market companies integrate knowledgebases into their existing portal and self-service applications – so that the information is presented to employees within the context of their self-service transactions.
For example, if a company has integrated a benefits knowledgebase with its benefits enrollment self-service solution, employees who want to understand plan options during open enrollment can do side-byside comparisons of all the plans for which they are eligible – simply by clicking a link within the self-service application. most important again is the personalization – employees will be able to compare only those plans for which they are eligible.

Decision Support Technologies
Technology can not only help employers better communicate with employees, it can provide tools to help employees make more informed decisions. best-in-class organizations are, for example, providing employees with innovative decision support tools to help the workforce become more informed benefits consumers. health care cost containment is a major concern for today’s employers, and most have had to increase employee premiums to help offset costs – creating a burden for the employer and the employee. to contain costs further, many employers have turned to high deductible health plans (hdhps), but employees have not widely embraced these plans – largely because they do not fully understand the advantages and potential impact. that’s why it is important to leverage technology to help employees make the right choices when it comes to hr services such as benefits. there are a variety of innovative decision support tools on the market today – such as medical cost estimators, dynamic plan comparisons, hsa/fsa modeling tools, needs analyses – that can effectively drive the right employees to the right plans.
Deploying these tools in a web-based environment – via a portal, as a “stand-alone” or in context to a benefits self-service solution – is also important because it allows employees to make decisions with the “CEO at home” outside of work hours.

On-Demand Total Rewards Statements
Another communications technology being widely embraced is the on-demand total rewards statement. today’s employers are making substantial investments in compensation packages, but study after study is showing that the majority of employees do not fully understand – or leverage – their total rewards packages. although many companies distribute annual compensation statements, these are not effective in year-round motivation and have no tools to allow employees to model potential rewards. on-demand total rewards statements have key advantages:
1. They are available year-round – refreshed quarterly, monthly or even by pay-period – for typically less or about the same cost as a one-time printed statement.
2. Information is always up-to-date.
3. Yhey contain tools to allow employees to model parameters such as 401(k) contributions or potential stock option values.
4. They allow for tailored messages to highlight participation – or lack of participation – in programs such as 401(k), espp and other voluntary programs.
5. They show not only the employee contributions for things such as health care – but also the employers’ rising costs.
Additionally, many total rewards statements have views for job recruits and line managers – and combine all of an organization’s compensation-related data fields to provide a consolidated means of reporting on total compensation.
Employers have found that deploying on-demand total rewards statements has helped them:
• Ease the pain of increases in health care premium contributions.
• More effectively attract and retain employees.
• Increase participation in voluntary programs.
• Provide managers with an effective tool to have compensation-related discussions during performance reviews.

Web-Based Onboarding Technologies
Perhaps the “hottest” innovation in hr communications today is onboarding. With the current war for talent – and surveys showing that as many as 80 percent of new hires decide whether or not to stay with a company in their first six months of employment – employers are embracing the concept of engaging new hires from “day zero” with a personalized onboarding experience.
Web-based onboarding applications allow employers to give new hires a link to an onboarding portal the day they accept their job offer. The new hire can then review company policies, complete forms (such as their W-2 and i-9 forms) online, model and elect benefits, read about company culture – even begin to network through linked-in social networking applications like blogs and mentor chat rooms. these activities not only increase new hire productivity on day one, they build a bond with companies that can result in higher new hire retention. Some onboarding applications also orchestrate the new hire process by integrating with hr and payroll applications, providing electronic acknowledgements and orchestrating processes such as provisioning. most will also automatically populate forms once the new hire begins – and can have delayed effective dates for health care and other benefits. And, ideally, the onboarding application will integrate with a knowledgebase and work/life events applications to continue the onboarding process throughout the employee life cycle – further increasing retention. Just about any company seeking to brand itself as an employer of choice, get new hires up to speed faster and eliminate the administrative burdens of onboarding is a candidate for these new technologies. new onboarding applications are also particularly popular among employers with high seasonal hiring, such as amusement parks or retailers, and companies with complex safety and compliance acknowledgement requirements, such as health care organizations.

Summary
All employers can benefit from promoting effective communications and decision support to their workforces – achieving goals such as health care cost containment, employee retention, employer branding and much more. But many organizations struggle to accomplish this because of staffing and budgeting restraints. With today’s ondemand communications technologies, however – most of which are hosted and therefore cost-effective with no hardware/software costs and data maintained by the vendor – employers have the means to become best-in-class communications-focused employers.

George Scifo
http://www.articlesbase.com/human-resources-articles/how-organizations-can-meet-critical-business-goals-755879.html

Work-life balance or life-life balance? — conference …

http://www.globalchange.com Work – life balance now priority for majority of executives in many nations. How to get better balance in personal and family life. Children and parents. Friends and career direction. Job choices, workplace motivation and winning war for talent. Attracting and keeping best people. Part-time working and gender equality. Feminisation of workplace. Women outperforming men and business school, college and junior management. Macho office culture. Human resources and personnel issues. Employment law and legislation. Insensitivity and lack of emotional intelligence. Promotion of incompetent male workers. Patrick Dixon, conference keynote speaker and futurist.

Duration : 0:5:13

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